Many sources refer to only scyphozoans as "true jellyfish". In scientific literature, "jelly" and "jellyfish" have been used interchangeably. The term jellies or sea jellies is more recent, having been introduced by public aquaria in an effort to avoid use of the word "fish" with its modern connotation of an animal with a backbone, though shellfish, cuttlefish and starfish are not vertebrates either. The name jellyfish, in use since 1796, has traditionally been applied to medusae and all similar animals including the comb jellies ( ctenophores, another phylum). 3.1.3 Evolution of Box Jellyfish Eyes in Response to Environmental Stimuli.3.1.2.2 Box Jellyfish Visual Systems Comparatively.3.1.2.1 Box Jellyfish Visual Systems Overview.3.1.2 Box Jellyfish Eye as a Microcosm of Highly Evolved Visual Systems.3.1.1 The Evolution of Jellyfish Visual Systems.When conditions are favourable, jellyfish can form vast swarms, which can be responsible for damage to fishing gear by filling fishing nets, and sometimes clog the cooling systems of power and desalination plants which draw their water from the sea. Thousands of swimmers worldwide are stung every year, with effects ranging from mild discomfort to serious injury or even death. The stinging cells used by jellyfish to subdue their prey can injure humans. They are also used in research, where the green fluorescent protein used by some species to cause bioluminescence has been adapted as a fluorescent marker for genes inserted into other cells or organisms. Australian researchers have described them as a "perfect food", sustainable, and protein-rich but relatively low in food energy. They are considered a delicacy in some Asian countries, where species in the Rhizostomae order are pressed and salted to remove excess water. Jellyfish are eaten by humans in certain cultures. Jellyfish have been in existence for at least 500 million years, and possibly 700 million years or more, making them the oldest multi-organ animal group. The medusae of most species are fast-growing, and mature within a few months then die soon after breeding, but the polyp stage, attached to the seabed, may be much more long-lived. Large, often colorful, jellyfish are common in coastal zones worldwide. Scyphozoans (the "true jellyfish") are exclusively marine, but some hydrozoans with a similar appearance live in freshwater. Jellyfish are found all over the world, from surface waters to the deep sea.
Jellyfish have a complex life cycle the medusa is normally the sexual phase, which produces planula larvae that disperse widely and enter a sedentary polyp phase before reaching sexual maturity. The tentacles are armed with stinging cells and may be used to capture prey and defend against predators. The bell can pulsate to provide propulsion for highly efficient locomotion. Jellyfish are mainly free-swimming marine animals with umbrella-shaped bells and trailing tentacles, although a few are anchored to the seabed by stalks rather than being mobile. Jellyfish and sea jellies are the informal common names given to the medusa-phase of certain gelatinous members of the subphylum Medusozoa, a major part of the phylum Cnidaria. Spotted jellies swimming in a Tokyo aquarium
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